Excess Nitrates in Groundwater – Effects and Current Situation in India

Introduction Groundwater contamination due to excess nitrates is a pressing issue in India, affecting drinking water safety and public health. Nitrate pollution arises mainly from agricultural runoff, improper waste disposal, and industrial activities. However, nitrates are not the only harmful chemicals contaminating groundwater. Other dangerous substances such as arsenic, fluoride, and heavy metals also pose significant risks. Table of Contents water from the streams. What Are Nitrates and Why Are They Dangerous? Nitrates (NO₃⁻) are inorganic compounds commonly found in fertilizers, animal waste, and industrial effluents. When they seep into groundwater, they pose serious health risks, including methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), thyroid disorders, and potential carcinogenic effects. Other Harmful Chemicals in Groundwater Arsenic: Found in states like West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam. Causes skin lesions, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Fluoride: Present in Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat. Leads to dental and skeletal fluorosis. Lead and Cadmium: Common in industrial zones, affecting neurological development and causing kidney damage. Chloride and Sulfates: High concentrations impact digestive health and cause corrosion of pipelines. Pesticides and Herbicides: Residues from agriculture lead to endocrine disruption and cancer risks. Sources of Nitrate and Other Chemical Contamination Agricultural Runoff: Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides leads to leaching of nitrates and chemicals. Industrial Discharges: Effluents from industries release heavy metals and solvents. Sewage and Wastewater: Untreated sewage introduces nitrates, pathogens, and organic chemicals. Mining Activities: Contribute to arsenic and fluoride contamination. Current Situation in India: For More Detailed Topics Please Visit Thecivilstudies.com a CEngineienrg Platform